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Bubble nests, also called Biofoams, are created by some fish and frog species as floating masses of Liquid bubble blown with an oral secretion, saliva bubbles, and occasionally . Fish that build and guard bubble nests are known as aphrophils. Aphrophils include (including Betta species) and the Synbranchidae eel Monopterus alba in Asia, Microctenopoma (Anabantidae), Polycentropsis (Nandidae), and Hepsetus odoe (the only member of Hepsetidae) in Africa, and Callichthyinae and the electric eel in South America. Most, if not all, fish that construct floating bubble nests live in tropical, oxygen-depleted standing waters. Osphronemidae, containing the bettas and gouramis, are the most commonly recognized family of bubble nest makers, though some members of that family mouthbrood instead. The nests are constructed as a place for fertilized eggs to be deposited while incubating and guarded by one or both parents (usually solely the male) until the fry hatch.
Bubble nests can also be found in the habitats of domesticated male betta fish. Nests found in these types of habitats indicate a healthy and happy fish.
Bigger males build larger bubble nests. Large bubble nests are able to handle more Egg and larval fish and thus can only be handled by larger males. Larger males are also able to be more successful in protecting their eggs and juvenile fish from predators.
Most nests are found in shallow bodies and marginal areas of water. These areas are typically slow water habitats with dense vegetation. Water in these areas is often differentiated by having a higher temperature, lower salinity, oxygen level and alkalinity (e.g. acidic).
The use of shallow and marginal waters is because most larger predatory fish are more likely to be restricted to deeper waters, which helps keep the predator threat and competition low. Water temperatures in shallow water typically have a more rapid rate of change (because the infrared heat from the sun has much less effect as water levels deepen) which leads to more optimal temperatures for breeding and egg development. Warm water increases the frequency of nest building and of female spawning.
The use of shallow water is also because fertilized eggs need to be Aeration in order to hatch successfully.
Various stimuli have been shown to affect onset the construction of bubble nests, such as rapid changes in temperature, barometric changes, fluctuations in rainfall, various fish tank materials, and presence of other males or females.
The nests are built by the male (sometimes females) and their size, position and shape depends on the species. They are often built near an object that breaks the surface of the water, which forms a base for the nest.
Bubble nests created by male Siamese fighting fish ( Betta splendens) are made from air Liquid bubble coated with saliva to increase durability. The creation of the bubbles is Audible range and often frantic.
Environmental conditions also influence the timing and success of bubble nesting. In Leptodactylus vastus, a leptodactylid frog in Brazil, nest construction was found to be tightly synchronized with rainfall events, particularly those that fill temporary pools.
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